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Benchmarks

Benchmark Date

These benchmarks were run on March 11, 2026 with Oxyde 0.5.0. Results may vary depending on hardware and database configuration.

Summary (average ops/sec)

PostgreSQL

Rank ORM Avg ops/sec
1 Oxyde 1,475
2 Piccolo 932
3 Tortoise 888
4 Django 736
5 SQLAlchemy 445
6 SQLModel 431
7 Peewee 80

MySQL

Rank ORM Avg ops/sec
1 Oxyde 1,239
2 Tortoise 794
3 Django 714
4 SQLAlchemy 536
5 SQLModel 505
6 Peewee 461

SQLite

Rank ORM Avg ops/sec
1 Oxyde 2,525
2 Tortoise 1,882
3 Django 1,294
4 SQLAlchemy 588
5 SQLModel 567
6 Peewee 548
7 Piccolo 469

PostgreSQL Results

CRUD Operations

PostgreSQL CRUD

Test asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
insert_single 769 664 701 531 735 700 143 537
insert_bulk_100 444 354 252 185 261 201 100 126
select_pk 7,181 6,823 2,956 1,566 3,910 3,708 174 1,468
select_filter 829 308 153 162 143 132 93 138
update_single 747 756 659 526 674 723 144 528
update_bulk 657 707 586 501 640 673 142 501
delete_single 275 282 172 263 276 282 106 253

Query Operations

PostgreSQL Queries

Test asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
filter_simple 5,731 5,017 2,829 1,449 3,524 3,491 170 1,428
filter_complex 1,489 599 281 310 280 263 122 267
filter_in 2,657 620 653 602 769 656 149 562
order_limit 4,882 4,363 2,284 1,347 2,051 2,688 169 1,296
aggregate_count 6,132 7,319 3,715 1,584 4,333 4,397 175 1,599
aggregate_mixed 4,990 5,374 1,871 1,388 2,629 3,421 173 1,383

Relations

PostgreSQL Relations

Test asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
join_simple 22 9 3 5 4 2 4 4
join_filter 23 10 3 5 4 2 4 4
prefetch_related 33 4 4 4 6 5 5 3
nested_prefetch 25 3 1 2 3 3 4 2

Concurrent Operations

PostgreSQL Concurrent

Concurrency asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
10 1,304 1,077 282 224 544 517 18 214
50 262 233 57 5 112 105 4 5
100 132 121 29 4 56 54 2 4

Scalability

PostgreSQL Scalability

MySQL Results

CRUD Operations

MySQL CRUD

Test aiomysql Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Peewee SQLModel
insert_single 712 736 665 596 703 529 561
insert_bulk_100 409 324 219 156 245 197 112
select_pk 6,662 6,315 3,597 1,938 3,766 1,435 1,778
select_filter 133 346 173 88 77 88 79
update_single 719 704 634 596 736 539 566
update_bulk 2,290 2,057 1,449 1,332 1,740 1,312 1,218
delete_single 700 624 352 586 632 503 554

Query Operations

MySQL Queries

Test aiomysql Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Peewee SQLModel
filter_simple 2,921 2,978 1,912 1,546 1,622 1,317 1,486
filter_complex 270 632 289 172 160 177 157
filter_in 718 1,242 620 501 470 429 480
order_limit 2,405 3,003 2,033 1,323 1,399 1,163 1,288
aggregate_count 4,638 5,122 2,849 2,016 4,180 1,630 1,946
aggregate_mixed 3,312 3,318 1,637 1,564 2,302 1,416 1,465

Relations

MySQL Relations

Test aiomysql Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Peewee SQLModel
join_simple 4 11 4 3 2 2 2
join_filter 4 11 4 3 3 2 2
prefetch_related 6 12 5 3 3 3 2
nested_prefetch 5 8 1 2 2 3 1

Concurrent Operations

MySQL Concurrent

Concurrency aiomysql Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Peewee SQLModel
10 1,018 1,201 352 250 530 160 232
50 206 227 73 40 105 32 39
100 103 119 36 22 53 16 20

Scalability

MySQL Scalability

SQLite Results

CRUD Operations

SQLite CRUD

Test aiosqlite Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
insert_single 748 4,585 647 568 715 153 164 561
insert_bulk_100 635 817 288 75 318 100 120 63
select_pk 42,752 7,528 4,822 1,958 6,004 1,638 1,969 1,896
select_filter 1,060 183 193 187 77 115 73 156
update_single 823 7,628 710 546 798 158 165 567
update_bulk 14,571 7,681 5,776 1,684 8,441 1,708 2,223 1,660
delete_single 183 242 128 175 181 86 93 170

Query Operations

SQLite Queries

Test aiosqlite Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
filter_simple 18,577 5,294 4,411 1,903 5,241 1,512 1,758 1,822
filter_complex 1,869 314 311 318 142 189 127 261
filter_in 7,179 1,153 1,008 872 559 564 428 754
order_limit 12,284 4,235 3,295 1,673 2,937 1,346 1,342 1,601
aggregate_count 45,096 11,807 6,360 2,077 13,825 1,838 2,245 2,042
aggregate_mixed 12,929 6,438 2,407 1,689 4,475 1,491 1,863 1,672

Relations

SQLite Relations

Test aiosqlite Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
join_simple 26 5 4 5 3 2 2 4
join_filter 27 5 4 5 3 2 2 5
prefetch_related 40 7 5 4 3 4 3 3
nested_prefetch 32 6 1 2 3 3 2 2

Concurrent Operations

SQLite Concurrent

Concurrency aiosqlite Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
10 3,397 1,346 343 204 738 221 297 197
50 703 289 71 38 145 28 60 35
100 350 143 36 20 77 12 30 18

Scalability

SQLite Scalability

Latency (PostgreSQL)

Mean Latency (ms)

Test asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
insert_single 1.300 1.505 1.426 1.883 1.361 1.428 6.970 1.861
select_pk 0.139 0.147 0.338 0.638 0.256 0.270 5.737 0.681
update_single 1.339 1.323 1.518 1.901 1.484 1.383 6.960 1.895

P99 Latency (ms)

Test asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
insert_single 1.367 6.959 1.660 3.314 1.637 1.750 10.516 2.380
select_pk 0.159 0.234 0.363 0.854 0.294 0.528 6.194 0.888
update_single 1.417 2.156 1.734 5.442 5.008 1.655 8.108 2.016

Memory Usage (PostgreSQL)

Peak memory (MB):

Test asyncpg Oxyde Django SQLAlchemy Tortoise Piccolo Peewee SQLModel
insert_single 37.6 52.7 66.4 58.3 51.0 41.1 60.1 67.3
select_pk 43.6 57.6 72.5 64.0 56.1 47.0 64.3 69.6
join_simple 73.7 80.7 107.8 99.0 85.5 100.5 98.5 110.1
nested_prefetch 78.5 104.2 159.3 115.5 121.5 108.4 105.0 128.0

Test Environment

Parameter Value
CPU Intel Core i7-11800H @ 2.30GHz
Cores 2
RAM 4 GB
OS Linux 6.17.0-14-generic
Python 3.12.13
Container Docker

Package Versions

Package Version
oxyde 0.5.0
asyncpg 0.31.0
django 6.0.3
sqlalchemy 2.0.48
tortoise-orm 1.1.6
piccolo 1.33.0
peewee 4.0.1
sqlmodel 0.0.37

Test Data

  • Users: 1,000
  • Posts per user: 20

Methodology

Benchmarks are available in a separate repository: oxyde-benchmarks

Configuration:

  • 100 iterations per test
  • 10 warmup iterations
  • Connection pool warmed up before measurements
  • Each ORM tested in isolated subprocess for accurate memory measurement
  • Each ORM tested with recommended async drivers
  • Raw driver baselines (asyncpg, aiomysql, aiosqlite) included for reference

Next Steps