Benchmarks

Benchmark Date

These benchmarks were run on March 7, 2026 with Oxyde 0.5.0. Results may vary depending on hardware and database configuration.

Summary (average ops/sec)

PostgreSQL

Rank	ORM	Avg ops/sec
1	Oxyde	1,433
2	Piccolo	956
3	Tortoise	896
4	Django	733
5	SQLAlchemy	455
6	SQLModel	433
7	Peewee	79

MySQL

Rank	ORM	Avg ops/sec
1	Oxyde	1,284
2	Django	816
3	Tortoise	783
4	SQLAlchemy	523
5	SQLModel	503
6	Peewee	467

SQLite

Rank	ORM	Avg ops/sec
1	Oxyde	2,575
2	Tortoise	1,884
3	Django	1,283
4	SQLAlchemy	592
5	SQLModel	560
6	Peewee	553
7	Piccolo	468

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PostgreSQL Results

CRUD Operations

Test	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
insert_single	761	655	640	536	750	714	142	536
insert_bulk_100	416	361	251	187	257	204	99	128
select_pk	7,053	6,412	2,926	1,594	3,946	3,915	171	1,472
select_filter	813	308	154	168	144	133	94	142
update_single	745	768	622	523	693	746	143	523
update_bulk	649	652	600	501	647	665	140	499
delete_single	287	280	171	262	274	281	105	258

Query Operations

Test	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
filter_simple	5,698	5,088	2,801	1,502	3,544	3,564	166	1,461
filter_complex	1,383	601	287	324	281	268	121	271
filter_in	2,769	643	642	629	737	680	147	574
order_limit	4,593	3,808	2,274	1,381	2,170	2,780	166	1,312
aggregate_count	4,559	8,042	3,855	1,655	4,414	4,637	171	1,583
aggregate_mixed	5,146	4,437	1,811	1,396	2,564	3,344	169	1,369

Relations

Test	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
join_simple	22	10	3	5	4	2	4	4
join_filter	22	10	3	5	4	2	4	4
prefetch_related	33	4	4	4	6	5	5	3
nested_prefetch	25	2	1	2	4	3	4	2

Concurrent Operations

Concurrency	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
10	1,151	1,151	280	219	542	501	18	215
50	268	242	57	5	116	109	4	5
100	135	119	29	4	57	55	2	4

Scalability

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MySQL Results

CRUD Operations

Test	aiomysql	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Peewee	SQLModel
insert_single	769	648	647	568	682	561	531
insert_bulk_100	384	312	232	156	243	196	115
select_pk	5,641	6,352	3,441	1,935	3,650	1,575	1,791
select_filter	139	359	180	91	80	93	81
update_single	728	685	660	570	669	574	527
update_bulk	2,174	2,048	1,745	1,149	1,834	1,289	1,204
delete_single	684	677	339	566	657	506	529

Query Operations

Test	aiomysql	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Peewee	SQLModel
filter_simple	2,981	2,880	2,659	1,526	2,326	1,277	1,467
filter_complex	281	642	325	176	166	180	161
filter_in	717	1,390	744	517	443	426	478
order_limit	2,752	3,405	2,430	1,331	1,812	1,162	1,264
aggregate_count	4,647	5,369	3,650	2,017	3,336	1,630	1,965
aggregate_mixed	3,343	3,662	1,830	1,507	1,791	1,414	1,534

Relations

Test	aiomysql	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Peewee	SQLModel
join_simple	4	11	4	3	3	2	2
join_filter	4	11	4	3	3	2	3
prefetch_related	6	12	5	3	3	4	3
nested_prefetch	6	8	1	2	2	3	2

Concurrent Operations

Concurrency	aiomysql	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Peewee	SQLModel
10	1,083	1,220	356	253	566	159	238
50	209	235	66	40	110	32	39
100	105	119	37	22	56	16	21

Scalability

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SQLite Results

CRUD Operations

Test	aiosqlite	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
insert_single	775	5,054	698	568	725	159	158	569
insert_bulk_100	622	754	290	75	332	100	120	61
select_pk	41,600	7,503	4,531	1,929	6,015	1,588	1,958	1,874
select_filter	1,078	284	196	188	82	115	73	156
update_single	785	8,561	707	573	720	161	165	560
update_bulk	13,388	7,719	6,040	1,622	8,370	1,730	2,262	1,634
delete_single	182	229	126	171	181	88	93	169

Query Operations

Test	aiosqlite	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
filter_simple	18,518	5,413	4,118	1,882	5,228	1,529	1,762	1,822
filter_complex	1,778	460	315	330	147	196	131	259
filter_in	7,183	1,597	1,000	907	580	560	441	762
order_limit	12,346	4,513	3,275	1,673	3,002	1,348	1,428	1,458
aggregate_count	44,023	10,514	6,304	2,136	13,832	1,805	2,208	2,082
aggregate_mixed	12,986	6,482	2,508	1,749	4,512	1,489	1,880	1,667

Relations

Test	aiosqlite	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
join_simple	28	7	4	5	3	2	2	4
join_filter	29	8	4	5	3	2	2	5
prefetch_related	44	9	5	4	4	4	3	3
nested_prefetch	35	8	1	2	3	3	2	2

Concurrent Operations

Concurrency	aiosqlite	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
10	3,427	1,342	342	204	746	223	303	196
50	722	272	71	37	155	28	60	35
100	362	141	35	19	79	12	30	18

Scalability

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Latency (PostgreSQL)

Mean Latency (ms)

Test	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
insert_single	1.315	1.526	1.562	1.866	1.333	1.400	7.030	1.866
select_pk	0.142	0.156	0.342	0.627	0.253	0.256	5.848	0.679
update_single	1.342	1.302	1.609	1.911	1.443	1.341	7.015	1.913

P99 Latency (ms)

Test	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
insert_single	1.506	6.481	1.759	2.002	1.584	1.720	7.435	2.241
select_pk	0.159	0.359	0.391	0.695	0.277	0.338	6.222	0.983
update_single	1.613	1.419	5.259	5.619	1.734	1.590	7.402	2.808

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Memory Usage (PostgreSQL)

Peak memory (MB):

Test	asyncpg	Oxyde	Django	SQLAlchemy	Tortoise	Piccolo	Peewee	SQLModel
insert_single	38.7	52.7	66.2	58.3	51.1	41.7	59.0	65.6
select_pk	44.6	57.6	71.4	64.0	56.4	47.5	63.2	71.3
join_simple	73.8	148.9	107.6	95.6	85.7	101.2	97.9	107.7
nested_prefetch	80.0	149.3	161.1	114.4	122.1	103.9	103.5	127.8

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Test Environment

Parameter	Value
CPU	Intel Core i7-11800H @ 2.30GHz
Cores	2
RAM	4 GB
OS	Linux 6.17.0-14-generic
Python	3.12.13
Container	Docker

Package Versions

Package	Version
oxyde	0.5.0
asyncpg	0.31.0
django	6.0.3
sqlalchemy	2.0.48
tortoise-orm	1.1.6
piccolo	1.33.0
peewee	4.0.1
sqlmodel	0.0.37

Test Data

• Users: 1,000
• Posts per user: 20

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Methodology

Benchmarks are available in a separate repository: oxyde-benchmarks

Configuration:

• 100 iterations per test
• 10 warmup iterations
• Connection pool warmed up before measurements
• Each ORM tested in isolated subprocess for accurate memory measurement
• Each ORM tested with recommended async drivers
• Raw driver baselines (asyncpg, aiomysql, aiosqlite) included for reference

Next Steps

• Performance Tips — How to optimize your queries
• Internals — Rust core architecture